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Recently I'm considering setup my own website.

So first thing occurs to me is that I need to get a domain name. And I should somehow publish that for this domain name, point to my server. Now some questions occur to me:

  1. How does a domain registrar guarantee that the domain I purchase won't be used by others ??
  2. I can understand that domain registrar is some kind of distributer of domain names controled by the ICANN organization. What I can't understand is after I buy a domain, how can I tell all the dns servers on the internet that for this domain, please point to this server.
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    This is a way to broad question to answer. And it does not fit the site which is a practical 'how do I solve problem X' site. Instead the question is 'explain to me the whole concept and setup off. For which a book might be a better starting place.
    – Hennes
    Mar 2, 2016 at 14:10

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after I buy a domain, how can I tell all the dns servers on the internet that for this domain, please point to this server

You don't need to tell all DNS servers, just the ones that are authoritative for the parent domain. Much like with websites, the DNS information for any given domain is only hosted in a few servers (usually 2–3 for smaller domains, maybe 8–12 for TLDs).

Everyone else – for example, resolvers like 8.8.8.8 – merely contact the authoritative servers if you ask them about a domain that's not in the cache yet.

So if you buy example.com., you only need to inform the servers which host the com. domain. (And you don't do that manually – your registrar does that for you, by contacting the registry that operates com.. Sometimes those are actually the same company, even.)

Then,

How does a domain registrar guarantee that the domain I purchase won't be used by others

The simplest way is, you create an account on the registrar's website, and it only lets the correct account change the associated domain's parameters.

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