Does SDHC have any write (ECC) error recovery?

Question

What happen if SDHC card get write error (damaged cell / bad sector) ?

Whole card is unusable (to trash, all data written to that sector now and in future will be lost) ? or rewrite sector (flash memory get corrupted when writing so maybe have any function to check if sector was written successfully) to another and mark as fault as unusable what will be seen as reduction of capacity but no data lost.

I have to do some research about SD card-s on disk less machines.

regards

Answer 1

In general, SD cards run with a FAT filesystem. This will detect and mark/flag bad sectors so end result is data is not lost but the amount of available space on the card is reduced slightly. It's not perfect, of course. Some newer cards have error correction code built in (ECC) that does a similar job at a lower level, so in theory should make it even less likely to lose info being written to a card. It's still possible, just less likely.

Answer 2

The way NAND flash works is by providing a number of "eraseblocks" - each "eraseblock" has a number of "pages." Typically you are looking at 128KByte eraseblocks divided into 64 2KByte pages. Each page can be written to, changing bits from 1 to 0. If you want to change any bits back from 0 to 1, you have to issue an erase command to the whole eraseblock which resets all bits to 1 (unless the block is worn).

Writing isn't perfect and some bits may fail to change from 1 to 0, or flip by themselves.

There is also an "out of band area", or an extra page, per eraseblock. There, ECC code can be written, and that is what is used for SLC flash. For MLC flash, they use BCH codes which can recover more bits.

Internally this is how things work. SD cards do not provide raw NAND access but go through an internal microcontroller which is responsible for wear leveling and all that good stuff. The host device never sees the raw NAND, but only a block device. But SD does use ECC or BCH AFAIK.