I have been using VimWiki plugins for a while now. Now, if you are not familiar with Vim, perhaps try Tiddlywiki instead.
http://code.google.com/p/vimwiki/
I use VimWiki this way.
- I install Vim on my usb, so I can edit on the fly.
- VimWiki manage wiki in plain text format but you can convert the entire wiki to html (Unfortunately, you might have to host your wiki to be view online via your phone)
- Mark up are simple, but not markdown. For instance, h1 would be =Title= and h2 would be ==title==. bold and emphasize.
- Have some math support, you are going to have to visit their google code group for more info.
- Table of content? %toc at the beginning of article will insert table of content to the html file when converted.
- Can use html templates, so if you need to add headers, it's no problem.
- Oh another one that I love, table!! In plaintext, but it's autoalign your table cells. The reason I started using this wiki.
And under development.
Of course the downside to this is vim. it's a steep learning curve so if you haven't used vim before, it might not be worth it to use this wiki.