What are the technical reasons for the gradual degrade in performance of computers over time

Question

In over 10 years of using computers I noticed that as the years go by their performance starts to degrade, and not as a result of winrot. Even if you re install Windows its improvement in speed still don't bring the computer to the same level of responsiveness as it was when it was brand new, and if you let your computer get really old, it may even degrade to the point where it begins to run old games as if they were new, performance intensive games (happened to me once).

It seems to me as if the electrical components just degrade in efficiency over time, but I have no confirmation of this nor the required theoretical knowledge to help me assess how probable this theory is. Can anyone shed some light on this?

Answer 1

That's an interesting question. There is an electrical/electronic process called electromigration where the ions in a conductor drift over time and cause circult paths (both in silicon and to a lesser extent in copper tracking) to degrade and this may cause signal paths to slow down. The effect is sped up by heat and thus hot, overclocked systems can suffer more from this phenomenon.

Electronic components do age too and there may be a degree of performance drop due to timing signals moving within their tolerance bands. As DMA57361 said, hard disks do wear out and so performance of a system will change over time.

Another issue is heat - as heatsinks and fans/vents get clogged with dust, their cooling efficiency goes down and hotter digital electronics run slower due to increased thermal noise in the signal paths - this is especially true of processors and RAM so keeping things clean and re-greasing your CPU heatsink for maximum heat transfer can help.

Answer 2

Computer technician weighing in...

A lot of perceived performance problems are due to technology's advancement--once you use a new computer, the old one seems even slower. In addition to the physical causes for slowdown, remember that the human mind may be responsible for some of this perception of slowness.

A number of factors that I have seen slow down a computer are fragmentation, bad RAM, old or failing hard drive, bad network connection, blown capacitors on the motherboard (or motherboard failure), low free space on hard drive, and bad drivers. I have even seen bad cables cause slowdowns (e.g. if an IDE cable is creased). There are about a thousand ways to slow a computer down just like there are a thousand ways to reduce the performance of a car. I will say that the hard drive has caused >50% of mysterious hardware-caused performance problems in my experience.

With proper maintenance and the right parts, can you keep your computer running at 100% forever? Yes. For example, there are still Windows 98 boxes that are more responsive than netbooks for certain tasks. You pretty much have to luck-out and have good, solid hardware that ends up lasting a long time, though.

Answer 3

One major bottleneck of computer efficency (at any age) is the hard drive. It is by far the slowest link in most processes. Even new SSDs are the slowest link in the chain, albeit faster than a mechanical HDD.

Compound this with the fact that mechanical HDDs, by thier very nature as mechanical, wear out. That drives will eventually start remapping bad sectors as well, and so HDD performance can degrade quite noticably over time, making the slowest link even slower.

I'm sure this does not account for all permanent degradation of performance, but thought I would add my thoughts in this area.
Hopefully, someone with a better knowledge of eletronics can comment on those sort of components.

Answer 4

I'm also going to toss in a few points: Keep in mind a lot of operation systems are no longer the same operating system as they were when they were first originally installed or released

System compatability updates, system upgrades and driver changes can all attribute to various performance hits/gains.

The largest noticable example of these changes is the jump between Windows XP SP2 and SP3. While running SP2 a computer could run smoothly (minus any background running processes or the like) with only 512MB or RAM. Once you install SP3, the smoothness is no longer as prevalent unless you've got at LEAST 1GB of RAM (in most cases requiring more depending on the software and different application packages you have in the background).

Also don't forget the software being used on the system is also a major factor, as well as the overall increase of software usage as a user gets more technically inclined.

Example: Office XP was a much lighter and less resource intensive version than the new Office 2010 (which now has a supposed minimum requirement of 256MB, but I can damn well tell you if someone expects to be able to do more than JUST open a spreadsheet it's a pipedream).

It used to be a new user would only need a web browser and maybe notepad, but i've discovered people who consider themselves "computer illiterate" and are unknowingly using multiple windows, office products, quickbooks (and lord does the new 2010 and 2011 version require a monster of a machine in most cases), and video players simultaniously and complain about how their "old computers" can't keep up (they just need to stop opening 20 things at once while only using 1 thing in most cases).

very thought provoking question!

Answer 5

Well, a computer is an electromechanical device. Memory will begin to fail, circuits will begin to fail, thus their efficiency will degrade. Mechanical components like fans and hard drives will also begin to fail (at a faster rate than electronic/electric components). The later will also (and perhaps more significantly) affect performance. One could opt for SSD drivers, but they also will fail (as they have a finite lifespan as a function of the total number of writes.)

But the flip side of this is maintenance. Not keeping the machine running all the time for example. And when running it all the time, running defragmentation; making sure it runs within appropriate temperature ranges; eliminating static and dust; replacing drives that become faulty; increasing memory so that it incurs in less page faults (and thus less hard drive activity.)

So in essence, yes, computers will deteriorate over time just like any machine. But, and just like any other machine, proper active maintenance can considerably extend its operational lifetime.