Make a pipe conditional on non-empty return

Question

Is there a way to pipe the output of one function to another, but only if there is an output?

Answer 1

The following ifnotempty function pipes its input to the command passed as an argument, except that it does nothing if the input is empty. Use it to pipe source --foo into sink --bar by writing source --foo | pipe_if_not_empty sink --bar.

pipe_if_not_empty () {
  head=$(dd bs=1 count=1 2>/dev/null; echo a)
  head=${head%a}
  if [ "x$head" != x"" ]; then
    { printf %s "$head"; cat; } | "$@"
  fi
}

Design notes:

• I would expect this implementation to work on all POSIX/Unix platforms, though strictly speaking it is not standards-compliant: it relies on dd not reading more than the one byte it's told to read on its standard input.
• I think head -c 1 would be a suitable replacement for dd bs=1 count=1 2>/dev/null on Linux.
• On the other hand, head -n 1 would not be suitable because head typically buffers its input and may read more than the one line it outputs — and since it's reading from a pipe, the extra bytes are just lost.
• read -r head and even read -r -n 1 head are not suitable here because if the first character is a newline, head would be set to the empty string, making it impossible to distinguish between empty input and input starting with a blank line.
• We can't just write head=$(head -c 1) because if the first character is a newline, command substitution would strip the final newline, making it impossible to distinguish between empty input and input starting with a blank line.
• In bash, ksh or zsh, you can replace cat by </dev/stdin for a microscopic performance gain.

---

If you don't mind storing the whole intermediate data in memory, here is a very slightly simpler implementation of pipe_if_not_empty.

pipe_if_not_empty () {
  input=$(cat; echo a);
  if [ "x$input" != x"a" ]; then
    { printf %s "${input%a}"; } | "$@"
  fi
}

Here is a slightly simpler implementation with the following caveats:

• The data produced by the source is considered empty if and only if it consists solely of newline characters. (This may in fact be desirable.)
• The data fed into the sink ends with exactly one newline character, no matter how many newlines the data produced by the source ends with. (This is could be a problem.)

Again, the whole data is stored in memory.

pipe_if_not_empty () {
  input=$(cat);
  if [ "x$input" != x"" ]; then
    { printf '%s\n' "${input}"; } | "$@"
  fi
}

Answer 2

Instead of sender | receiver:

tester () { local a=$(</dev/stdin); if [[ $a ]]; then printf '%s\n' "$a" | receiver; fi; }
sender | tester

Or you could make it more general purpose by changing it to accept the receiving program as an argument as in Gilles' answer:

tester () { local a=$(</dev/stdin); if [[ $a ]]; then printf '%s\n' "$a" | "$@"; fi; }
sender | tester receiver

Answer 3

ifne(1) from moreutils does exactly that. Moreutils is available as a package at least in Debian and Ubuntu, probably in other distros as well.

Answer 4

At least something like this works:

yourcommand | if [ $(wc -c) -gt "0" ]; then yourothercommand; fi

Please note that the above will consider line feeds and other special characters as output, so an empty line passed to that if statement will be considered as an output. Just raise the -gt limit if your output should usually be higher than 1 byte :)