There are several reasons for this behavior.
One case is that of a badly-written (de)installation program which creates or deletes icons but doesn't refresh the desktop. As the desktop doesn't always auto-refresh, nicely-written installers do the F5 for you.
A second case is that of an installed product that interferes with the desktop refresh, for example TeraCopy in this thread. You might try to remember which product you have called for the first time just before this happened.
A third and more remote possibility is a bug in the video driver. Ensure that you have the latest version from the manufacturer's website.
EDIT
If the problem is Explorer rather than only the desktop, this is a problem that is reported in Windows since XP and until today. Many remedies have been suggested, which worked for some people. Here are some of them:
- Ensure that the antivirus isn't the cause
- Regedit to
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Update, UpdateMode entry, and change the value of the last digit from 1 to either 2 or 7.
- Regedit to
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Control Panel\Desktop, right-click, New Binary Value, rename to ExplorerRefreshOnRename, double-click and change the value to "0001", press OK.
- At the end of this thread, a registry update is suggested (create first a system restore point).
- Another suggestion from the same thread is to regedit to
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\CLSID\{BDEADE7F-C265-11D0-BCED-00A0C90AB50F}\Instance and set DontRefresh to 0.