In general: no, because a mounted disk image and, more importantly, the program that mounts it reside in memory. When you restart the memory is cleared (or at least is treated as if it's cleared), so you have no mounted disk image to boot from. Even Apple's Lion Installer copies the disk image it contains to a hidden recovery partition it quietly creates on your hard disk.
You might be able to boot your disk image on a virtual machine or a network boot from another machine (since both of those allow the mounting program to continue running unmolested as the machine it's on isn't being restarted), but both of those involve additional set up and/or hardware - it'd be far simpler to just restore your disk image to a partition of a real disk.