This can be done using conditional formatting. Mark all cells you want to highlight, starting in the upper left corner of the range. Select “Conditional Formatting…”, add a format (“+” button), select “Classic” in the upper drop down, then “Use a formula …” in the one below that (names may vary slightly from what I indicate here, as I am using a German system, but the screenshot should help you get around):

In the formula input field, enter the following:
=IF($A1<=TODAY(),MOD(DATEDIF($A1,TODAY(),"D")-IF(WEEKDAY($A1,2)=1,0,7-WEEKDAY($A1,2)+1),3)=0,FALSE)
This will highlight the selected rows on the first monday after the due date (or on the due date if it is scheduled for a monday – it does not highlight every monday after that, as mondays do not repeat as a multiple of 3 days), then every three days after that first occurrence:

Notes:
- Replace
$A1 by the correct column and row for the first date field in your selected range.
- Adjust formatting to your preferred way of highlighting your rows at the bottom of the dialog (OT: I don’t know why MS makes this a maze of drop down selectors…).