How do the '-s', '-t', and '-c' options of the tr command work in Unix?

Question

I am confused regarding the way -s, -t, and -c options work in the tr command. When I do

echo I am a good boy | tr good bad

I get the output:

I am a bddd bdy

This is quite understandable, since o is repeated in good. The last possible change in place of o is d, and hence the output.

Now when I do

echo I am a good boy | tr -s good bad

the output is

I am a bd bdy

The -s option is supposed to squeeze every repeated occurence of each character in set 1 into a single occurence and then change each character in set 1 into the corresponding character in set 2 which is in the same position.

So it should have been

I am a bad bay.

Why the change?

Moreover, when I do

echo I am a good boy | tr -c good bad

I get dddddddgoodddodd

How does the -c option work for tr, referring to this example?

And finally: how to change myself from a good boy to a bad boy.... :) :P That is,

echo I am a good boy | tr <something> gives me the output as: I am a bad boy.

Answer 1

-s Switch: Squeeze (remove repeated characters)

echo i am a good boy | tr -s good bad

output: i am a bd bdy

There are two things happening behind the scenes that make this happen. Firstly, if the second argument to tr is shorter than the first then the last character in the 2nd arg is repeated to make it the same length as the first. So the equivalent command is:

echo i am a good boy | tr -s good badd

The other thing that is happening is when characters in the first argument are repeated they overwrite any previous occurrence (I'm referring to the two oos in good). This makes the command now equivalent to:

echo i am a good boy | tr -s god bdd

(the second o to d replacement overwrites the previous o to a replacement, making it redundant)

Without the -s switch the output would be

i am a bddd bdy

With the -s switch tr 'squeezes' any repeated characters that are listed in the first argument leaving the final output:

i am a bd bdy

-c Switch: Complement

The -c switch is used to match the complement of the first argument (i.e. all characters not listed in arg 1). As a result, arg 1 will contain many letters (256-3). Now, the same thing happens to arg 2 as in the previous case: Arg 2's final character gets repeated to match the length or Arg 1. So the original statement:

echo i am a good boy | tr -c good bad

is equivalent to:

echo i am a good boy | tr abcefhijklmnp... baddddddddddd...

(note the missing g, o and d in the first set, also note that d will replace every other character in the second set -- including the space character)

This is why i am a good boy turns into dddddddgoodddodd

More info here: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/2563

Answer 2

Your understanding of -s is incorrect, it replaces repeated occurrences of characters in set 1 in the input with a single character. it does not modify the set, eg.

echo i am a good boy | tr -s god bad

gives

i am a bad bay

The -c option replaces set 1 with its complement (ie. the set of all characters not contained in set 1). You can use this to remove all but the specified characters for example.

echo i am a good boy | tr -cd gobdy

outputs

goodboy