I think there are several possible solutions for this kind of problem:
1. Turn off Windows power management using Device Manager
Go to the Start Menu, type Device Manager and run it, then expand Universal Serial Bus controllers. Double click the USB hub of your choice and on the Advanced tab un-check Allow the computer to turn off this device to save power.
Then, connect your device, still in Device Manager click on your computer on the very top of the list and click Action > Scan for hardware changes on the menu bar.
2. Reinstall the USB controllers
In a similar manner to the one described above, go to the properties of each of the USB generic hubs but this time to the Driver tab and hit Uninstall and confirm the changes.
After that, same as before, hit the computer on the top of the list in the Device Manager window and then on Scan for hardware changes again. Now just wait for the drivers to get installed again by themselves.
I'm not sure, but I this will also erase any installed Windows updates that could've been causing the problem.
3. Clean the USB port
Simple, clean the USB with some alcohol and a Q-Tip after you turn off the computer (to steer clear from short-circuiting it) and/or use a can of compressed air to blow the dust that has gathered inside it.
4. Disable USB notifications completely
Not quite a solution to the problem, but it certainly works so you can also try it. In the Device Manager and expand the Universal Serial Bus controllers on the bottom and double click to open the properties of the Host Controller devices.
In the Advanced tab check the Don't tell me about USB errors box and accept your settings, then repeat it for each of the other host controllers.

Sources:
- USB device not recognized when after resuming from standby/hibernation (MS KB871233)
- Additional troubleshooting tips (MS KB310575)
- General troubleshooting of unrecognized devices (a tedious read) (MS KB314464)
- Disable USB notifications (blog link)