If you want something readily available, mature, and polished for Windows, the news isn't good right now. I've been curious about this type of software as well and have been lazily keeping an eye on a few projects. I'll tell you what I know, but I haven't gone about using any of these yet, as all are under heavy development and none are stable.
If you don't need Windows or iOS support (yet), there's SparkleShare. If you do and you've got the requisite skill set, I'm sure they'd appreciate the help. :-) It's using Git as a storage backend. This lets you use your own Git server or any public or private Git repository. I assume that the end goal is for servers to be available on Linux, Mac and Windows and clients on the previous 3 along with Android & iOS.
Update: SparkleShare recently released a Windows version. I haven't had a chance to test yet to see if it's client-only, client & server, or requires Git to be installed as well. All I've found is that there's an .msi available to download.
IQBox is another project along the same lines as SparkleShare, but uses Subversion as a storage backend rather than Git. Currently in Alpha on Windows, no other clients available.
Acid Rain is another of the same, only using Mercurial for the backend. Server is Linux only and a Windows client is available.
AeroFS is another "Dropbox on your own systems" setup. It's pretty early in development as well, and currently invite only.
Syncany is a cloud syncing application that allows for a wide range of backend storage (Local Folder, FTP, IMAP, Google Storage, Amazon S3, Rackspace Cloud, WebDAV, Windows Shares, SFTP). Still in heavy development, primary development target is Linux but Windows appears to be a high priority as well.
My gut says that SparkleShare and Syncany have the potential to become the primary projects that the OSS communities support (and $deity knows that there can't be only one -- it wouldn't be proper OSS without a holy war :-) ), but that's purely a feeling with no evidence to support it.