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I've got a bunch of services of the form:

R3 NDProxy;NDIS Proxy; [x]
R3 Ntfs;Ntfs; [x]
R1 Null;Null; [x]

Where normally the value after the semicolon would be the svchost group (if any) and loaded binary for the file in question, such as

R2 nsi;Network Store Interface Service;LocalService->C:\Windows\System32\Nsisvc.dll [25600 2009-07-13 23:21:21 Microsoft Corporation]

I've ruled out a bug in my code by checking this against what Windows does internally (that is, with sc.exe queryex or similar tools and looking at the image path).

How does Windows find the code to load for these?

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The examples you listed aren't services but drivers. While they are managed by the same Service Control Manager, drivers are loaded from *.sys images using ScLoadDeviceDriver() and run in kernel-space.

If no ImagePath is given, the path defaults to %SystemRoot%\System32\Drivers\<name>.sys, such as C:\WINDOWS\System32\Drivers\null.sys.

This is documented in Microsoft KB103000 "CurrentControlSet\Services Subkey Entries", under ImagePath and Type.

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