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Say for example, one of the cores in a quad core computer overheated and died, would the system compensate by routing all operations to the remaining 3 cores, or would the computer be inoperable? If the system compensates, could it compensate for 3 of 4 cores failing?

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If you have a 4 cylinder car and one of the cylinders breaks, do you expect it to run fine on the remaining 3? – Hennes Jan 17 at 19:43
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@Hennes: Cylinders cannot be compared to CPU cores, given that it's possible to turn off any given core manually. It's more similar to four engines in a single car. – grawity Jan 17 at 20:57

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It largely depends on the exact failure (and the system architecture, but I'll assume you're talking about a standard x86 based system).

In short, the system will not function properly - with exact symptoms ranging from appearing to be okay "most of the time" to a complete failure to boot. There is no mechanism to ignore the bad core at run time, and as such anything that attempts to execute there risks failing/corruption/crashing.

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No. Your computer is not supposed to start-up at all if any core has failed.

If any core failure is detected at testing and packaging stage, it can be disabled like those AMD 3-core processors.

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