"It depends".
Your mileage may vary but typically "powered" drive enclosures tend to have 3.5 inch desktop drives identical to the one you find in your PC (and you may in many cases, simply swap them out in the case). Some companies used to buy these and 'shuck' them for the drives during the bad hard drive shortages of the past.
2.5 inch 'self powered' drives vary. The generic ones and many of the ones you can buy off the shelf are regular 2.5 inch drives but at least one major brand (WD passport) has a special circuit board with USB built in and no obvious SATA connectors. I'm not sure about the other major brands.
See picture below, proprietary WD drive on left, standard Sata drive on right.
To be safe, in those cases, you'd probably want to google the model you're looking at to be sure.