I've seen two kinds of USB-C charging cables. The kind Apple sells and includes with their laptops is actually a USB 2.0 cable, it will transfer data at USB 2.0 speeds but I'm guessing they advertise it as a charging cable so as to get nobody's hopes up on how much data it can transfer.
The other kind I've seen are actually not cables but devices with two captive USB-C cables, kind of like how a USB data transfer cable is actually two serial or Ethernet adapters back-to-back in what looks like a cable. These device style charging cables might not strictly adhere to the USB-C spec but if from a trusted manufacturer should be safe and reliable. An example of such cables (or "cables") is a magnetic break away charger cable. The computer doesn't see a data connection to the device on the other end, only a power connection with output limited to the cable or the power supply.
In either case the cable may be rated for 3 amps or 5 amps per the USB-C spec. Apple's charge cables are 5 amp rated, and I suspect (I don't know for sure) that the cables that come with most USB-C phones are limited to 3 amps.
There's other kinds of charge cables, I just haven't seen them myself. I've read some things about cables that don't adhere to the USB-C and USB-PD spec on power transfer, instead using some third party system on power transfer. I'm reluctant to name any such system as I may not be recalling correctly. I've seen them output power far beyond the USB spec for USB-A into a USB-A to USB-C cable for charging some USB-C phones.
There's one more category of cable, they are just junk. They don't adhere to the USB-C spec, or a third party power transfer system. Given that someone may simply find the cable doesn't work for them it may be difficult to tell junk from the others.
So, to me at least, there are 4 kinds of USB-C charging cables. First, there's those that are really USB 2.0 cables but are called charging cables to set data transfer expectations low. Second, cables that are really power transfer devices. Third, third party cables that are wired for something other than USB-C and USB-PD. Fourth, cables that are just junk.
How does one tell them apart? Pay close attention to what is being advertised and weigh that against how much you trust the source.
That's just limiting it to charging cables. There's more to be said about data cables that I won't go into great detail right now. To summarize there's 2 power ratings, 3 amp and 5 amp, and something like 6 different data rates. That might sound complicated but isn't really.