I booted my PC and this screen opened.
Under Troubleshoot --> Advanced Options, I selected Startup Repair and the PC did a little repairing process but the problem is yet not solved. If anyone knows a solution to this it'll be really helpful.
I tried Googling for a solution but could find an answer to this. I also tried the first option shown above (Continue) but that only restarts the PC and brings it back to this screen again.
I found people asking the same question but none has working solutions.
dism
andsfc
from a USB WinPE stick, they may or may not solve your problem, if they don't help, then I am afraid there is only one way to solve your problem: a clean reinstallation of Windows. Backup all important information(if any) before reinstallation.