I'm afraid this is not possible. Starting a specified URL with the default browser is easy enough using
start http://some/url
Querying the default search engine, however, is not that easy since different browsers tend to store it in vastly different locations if anywhere accessible at all. Internet Explorer for example stores its search engines in
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\SearchScopes
but Firefox and others probably store it in different locations (I mean, a single unified location for settings common to all browsers would be convenient for users but developers would hate it, especially if that would be a single unified location dictated by Microsoft).
You might try different code paths to determine the default search engine depending on the default browser. But the default browser is also only loosely specified and could be obtained by looking which program is associated with the HTTP protocol handler.
But that borders dangerously close to guessing, with ginormous amounts of work on the other side of the cliff. So in general I'd say it's nearly impossible unless you pur more work into it that you likely want.
ETA: Some browsers, such as Firefox allow for searching directly from the command line, using the default search engine:
firefox.exe -search keyword
or
opera.exe ? keyword
But this still leaves you with the problem of figuring out the default browser and determining the appropriate arguments from that.