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I am able to start or stop one particular service, but it's not listed in services.msc or even if any other way of querying services is used (sc queryex, gsv, Get-Service without arguments, etc.). Everything is done as admin, nothing works.

PowerShell's Get-Service followed by the name of the service works and shows the information.

command prompt with commands used

net start vmnetbridge and net stop vmnetbridge cause the service to start and stop, respectively, but an sc query through find produces nothing:

sc queryex type= service state= all | find /i "bridge"

I am using Windows 10. Is this a service? If so, why does it not show in the usual places?

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The VMware Bridge Protocol service isn't the same kind of service as, say, the Print Spooler. Normal services run in a process of their own or in a shared service hosting process (svchost.exe). vmnetbridge, however, is actually a kernel-mode driver:

C:\Windows\System32>sc query vmnetbridge

SERVICE_NAME: vmnetbridge
        TYPE               : 1  KERNEL_DRIVER
        STATE              : 4  RUNNING
                                (STOPPABLE, NOT_PAUSABLE, IGNORES_SHUTDOWN)
        WIN32_EXIT_CODE    : 0  (0x0)
        SERVICE_EXIT_CODE  : 0  (0x0)
        CHECKPOINT         : 0x0
        WAIT_HINT          : 0x0

The Services snap-in for MMC only shows standard services (WIN32_OWN_PROCESS or WIN32_SHARE_PROCESS), though the Service Control Manager deals with all kinds. To get entries for this service in your sc queryex command, you need to change your type= filter to type= driver or type= all.

Further reading: Numeric constants related to services, the services reference

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