Signed up so I could say this...
At my business, we started getting plagued with this error on all of our computers, one by one. Started with one person, now 75 out of 135 are impacted and more every hour/day.
Our configuration:
Windows 10 Professional
Office 365 Exchange
Office 2016 Business Premium (from O365)
From what we can tell at this point, this only impacts our Windows 10/Office 2016 machines, not our Windows 7/Office 2013 machines.
We called Microsoft to open a case multiple times, but they just keep telling us to uninstall, delete the local user profile altogether (deleting the mail profile DOES NOT work), and then reinstall and have the user log back in and set back up their account/profile in Outlook. This didn't work either for more than 48 hours, so now they gave us some sort of FixIt tool to run after the uninstall, before reinstalling Office. No word yet on the longevity of this fix.
I suspect there's something funky with a Windows 10 update or an Office update that's hosing everything up that they just haven't noticed yet.