Edit: As many have pointed out, there are now other answers that probably fit the constraints of the question better. My answer scales the whole interface including text, which very well may be sufficient for your needs. But if you want more fine-grain control, look to the other answers.
Open the Menu and go to Preferences > General. Scroll all the way down and at the very bottom, click the Config Editor... button (accept the warning).
You're looking for layout.css.devPixelsPerPx, you can just search 'pixels' and it'll show up.
Click on layout.css.devPixelsPerPx and edit the default value of -1.0 to a scale factor you are comfortable with (example: 1.5, 2.0, 2.25, etc).
Clicking OK will allow you to immediately see your changes so you can dial it in pretty easily.