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Let's say a server has 1 Gbps upload speed, and a client has 100 Mbps download speed.

Client requests data from this server and the server starts to send.

To prevent frames being lost, there should be a data rate synchronization.

In OSI model, doesn't Physical Layer do that with Bit Synchronization?

But also we have Flow Control in Data Link Layer, and as I know it's for the same reason. For data rate synchronization to prevent frames being lost.

If it works like this, according to OSI model there are 2 times synchronization. First physical layer, then data link layer and why would it work like that?

There should be a difference between Physical Layer's Bit Synchronization and Data Link Layer's Flow Control.

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  • 1
    Please clarify your specific problem or provide additional details to highlight exactly what you need. As it's currently written, it's hard to tell exactly what you're asking.
    – Community Bot
    Jan 1, 2023 at 13:15
  • Clarified the question. All the details here.
    – rch
    Jan 1, 2023 at 13:17
  • @rch, ask for SPECIFIC problem. Currently it is too generic. Jan 1, 2023 at 13:49
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    I believe you're mixing up things a) the speed at which communications is done needs to be negotiated before anything else can happen, same speed from both ends dependent on capabilities, b) the hardware level synchronization is one thing, protocol "synchronization" something totally different...; recommended start point for reading en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_layer - you may need to find explanations to technical terms mentioned in there.
    – Hannu
    Jan 1, 2023 at 14:35
  • 1
    Information about the subject is freely available and easy to find. Please study the documentation before asking questions.
    – harrymc
    Jan 1, 2023 at 16:08

1 Answer 1

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Attempt to answer...

  1. Physical level synchronization
    Here we make sure to be able to send any data at all, how to send to make it readable in the receiving end.

  2. Flow control
    a) e.g. at which rate can the receiving end interpret and act on the data that the sending end might be able to produce. Or
    b) the other way around; at which rate can requests (from a master) be responded to by a device (slave) with limited processing power.

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