I'm not entirely sure why you'd want to do this. Here's a rephrase of your question which I'll use as the basis of my answer:
How can I launch a program on my computer from a webpage, passing information from the host as command-line arguments?
Because of security restrictions, Javascript cannot execute system commands on the client. Possible ways to accomplish this (in order of preference):
- Set up local server and use AJAX
- Server exec's commands from the client
- The game Mabinogi does this to launch the game from their site
- Use Flash or Java- They're plugins, so they execute outside of the browser sandbox
- Set up SSH tunnel between server and your computer
- Might have trouble getting a GUI application to run
I really only like the first option. The server would be pretty trivial to write. I'm not sure how much programming experience you have, but this can easily be done in nearly any scripting language (Python, Ruby, Javascript with node.js, PHP) or a modern compiled language (like Go).
This approach has some drawbacks, like you have to have the server installed for the page to work, but overall I think it's the best option.
However, if you just want a simple way to access remote servers without having to open putty first, I'm sure you could make a few launchers using putty's command-line parameters. Search Google for specific parameters to pass it.