What is the resolution the computer is using?:
To find out the exact resolution that the computer itself is "sending" to the tv, do a ScreenShot , or hit the PrintScreen Button and paste the image off the clipboard into some picture editing program. Then read the dimentions of the captured picture.
That will confirm that the computers own resolution viewport thing. Screen caps to test can be done with a single monitor or dualies and you can find out what the computer sees.
If the computer own res is showing low, check out features of your video card, using your video card software. HDMI is not always pixel perfect with the video cards, sometimes (depending on the version and manufacture) it requires a bit of tweaking. ATI for example treated HDMI as if it was going to act like an analog tv. Some early LCD digital televisions did act that way (overscans).
DPI (not resolution) is system wide not monitor independant:
From what you showed (luv them pics) the computer is indeed in the desired resolution, and for some reason your tv is doing an interpolation. (it also looks like it is being interpolated) That does not explain the size difference , when DPI settings are system wide not monitor independant. While it looks like your usual 720type interpolation (again) it doesnt explain what looks like a DPI change.
Also why are the Icons of the same clearity but the browser not? have you tested what your observing with many programs, or could it be something that a browser is doing? (I dont know of any browsers that would scale thier DPi based on a monitor, but ya never know what stupid features they will put in next :-)
Resolution can be different on different monitors:
The windows system is completly capable of running 2 monitors at 2 different resolutions. Each monitor can therfore have a resolution set for it. OffTopic- color profiles and cleartype and refresh rates can also be different.
TVs for a computer what fun:
If the screen capture shows the proper res, it could be assumed (but not guarenteed) that the changes you need to make are on the TV itself. First verify the actual model number, to insure you got what you think you got (look on the back of the actual tv). Then try and find format , aspect and other settings on the tv, while nothing seems cropped or zoomed, and the tv will always deal with the picture as a whole item (again not making a lot of sence that it is only part of the image).
Setting everywhere , find them all, learn the purpose:
Tvs are tvs , they are not monitors, so they have a lot of settings designed to work with broadcast signals, most tvs can be set to other than pixel by pixel settings, and some will even overscan still (throwback from CRTs).
Hooking up a TV often required tweaking both the software for the GPU, and the TVs own settings to attempt to keep everything pixel=pixel, so it could be some tweaking will be in order. (overscan, underscan, aspect, format even possible to be effected by refresh rates)
The pictures you display are very usefull, but I could not determine for a fact what is going on, maybe some of the above will help, or help you to provide more information.
Added:
Windows Display Resolution:
In the windows Display Control Panel\All Control Panel Items\Display\Screen Resolution
select the monitor/tv picture (first) that you are having troubles with and check the resolution settings there. If you have 2 monitors make sure before you make changes you have the monitor (picture) selected.
Monitor drivers (profiles):
Usually it is not really important if the tv/monitor name is not shown (the profile driver for the monitor is not installed) "Generic" connections should still be capable of getting the correct resolutions, without the added profile for the monitor. With that said it doesnt hurt to check if the monitor came with a CD or a download off thier web that has a "monitor driver" which is just a profile for that monitor. Monitor profiles also hold color calibration information.
What windows wont do, GPU software often will:
The software that comes with the GPU card (or chip even) Often has many more advanced features for adjusting things than the windows own simple and to the point display setting. Because your using Nvidia, I dont know where the options are. In ATI it also has a special section for HDMI connected tvs, that can resolve some issues and differances when hooking up an actual TV (instead of a monitor).
1920x1080
as the resolution; But I can very clearly see it is not.