Based on the comments above, it sounds like junking this install and starting fresh is the right approach. In Ubuntu all of your personal files should reside in your home directory: /home/yoususername. Backing that directory up will save 90% of what you need. Make sure you get the whole directly as their may be some hidden configuration files in there you may want to keep. Those will start with a period "." and you can see them on the command line with by `ls -a /home/yourusername/
If you've installed software that you want to take with you to the new installation, simply make a note of it so you can do a sudo apt-get <software1> <software2>
when you get the machine back up and running.
If you've made any config changes to that software in /etc/softwarename/someconfigfile.conf, you may want to make quick back up of that as well (like a php.ini file or /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/* if you were running an apache web server, for instance). That being said, it's probably not a great idea to just start blindly copying everything out of /etc/* and then blindly back all that up... just make copies of things you know you changed and then selectively restore them when the machine is back. If you changed nothing, then no reason to copy here.
That should cover like 99% of everything. In some cases, folks install software like Deluge or XBMC that, when installing, may have set up a specific user for the software and may have files hanging out in /home/xbmc/* or /var/deluge and whatnot... you would probably remember if you set up software like this, so if nothing is ringing a bell, then don't worry about it. Plus, you can always set this stuff up again fresh.